Obviously, those numbers are considered as sensitive and confidential data and the company wants to encrypt the column where it is stored. Because this column contains unique values, an index can be performed on it in order to have better performance. This means that the index will contain encrypted data and would be basically unusable.
To conclude with, it is very important to protect sensitive data by encrypting and decrypting it. One should be aware of this aspect and implement the database security accordingly.
CodingSight is open for new authors and partnership proposals. Send your offers and ideas to marketing devart. Encryption Systems In an encryption system, there are two main components: the encryption algorithm, which is the method used to alter the value, and the encryption key , whose security depends on the vulnerability of the encrypted data. The disadvantage is that one can identify repetitive patterns in the text fragment.
For the rest of the algorithms, the following table gives the effective key length: Key generation and transmission Data is securely encrypted as long as the key used for encrypting is secure. There are three options to keep the key: at the database level: stored in the database in a special table or in an external database file at the record level: stored in the database in a special table a combination between the previous two types: there is a master key at the database level and for each record, there is a key.
Here is we use the hashing technique. Conclusion To conclude with, it is very important to protect sensitive data by encrypting and decrypting it. ISBN To protect these shared traffic keys, SKIP hosts use the public key to calculate an implicit shared secret, which they use to encrypt the shared traffic keys, keeping network communication secure.
Shared key encryption uses one key to encrypt and decrypt messages. For shared key cryptography to work, the sender and the recipient of a message must both have the same key, which they must keep secret from everybody else. The sender uses the shared key to encrypt a message, shown in the following figure, and then sends the ciphertext message to the recipient.
When the ciphertext message arrives, the recipient uses the identical shared key to decrypt the message, shown in the following figure.
However, since anyone with the shared key can decrypt the information, shared key encryption requires that only the sender and recipient have access to the shared key. SunScreen SKIP protects the security of encrypted information by generating new traffic keys frequently during a communication session, making acquisition of any one traffic key useless.
Public key encryption uses a pair of complementary keys a public key and a private key to encrypt and decrypt messages, as shown in the following figure. The two keys are mathematically related such that a message encoded with one key can only be decoded with the other key. Although a user's public and private keys are mathematically related, knowledge of a public key does not make it possible to calculate the corresponding private key. In public key encryption systems, users make their public key available to anyone and keep their private key secret.
When one user wants to send a private message to another user, the sender looks up the recipient's public key and uses it to encrypt a message, as shown in the following figure, before sending it to the recipient. When the encrypted message arrives, the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt the message, shown in the following figure. Because the recipient's private key is known only to the recipient, both the sender and recipient can safely assume that no one other than the recipient can read the message.
Public key encryption algorithms are mathematically more complex than shared key encryption algorithms. As a result, public key encryption is significantly slower than shared key encryption. Consequently, SunScreen SKIP uses Diffie-Hellman key pairs described in the next section to create a shared secret between two users, and then uses shared key encryption to encrypt traffic traveling between the two hosts.
The Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm, which is named after its inventors, solves the problem of securely distributing keys by removing the need to transmit secret keys. When two hosts wish to use the Diffie-Hellman algorithm to exchange keys, they agree to use the same numerical values for the key basis g and modulus p.
Each host generates a large , , or bit random number x as a private key, and then uses this private key to generate a public key g x mod p. This certificate contains the public key value, the g and p values used to compute the public key, and other information, such as the period for which the certificate is valid.
When two hosts wish to communicate securely, each host calculates a mutually authenticated shared secret based solely on knowledge of its private key and the other host's public key.
For example, host I would select a random number i as a private key and then generate a public key g i mod p. Similarly, host J would select a random number j as a private key and then generate a public key gj mod p. The two hosts then exchange their public keys over secure or insecure links. Host I raises J's public key g j mod p to the power of its private key i , yielding g j i mod p or g ji mod p.
Host J raises I's public key g i mod p to the power of its private key j , yielding g i j mod p or g ij mod p. Consequently, hosts I and J can derive a mutually authenticated long-term secret g ij mod p implicitly without explicit communication.
Since no one other than I and J have access to their private keys, no one other than I and J can compute g ij mod p. The two hosts then take the low-order bits of g ij mod p to derive a pairwise master key K ij. K ij is an implicit shared master key that does not need to be sent in any packet or negotiated out of band. Encryption is enabled by default and cannot be turned off. By default, Oracle manages the master encryption key. Use client-side encryption to encrypt objects with their encryption keys before storing them in Object Storage buckets.
Use server-side encryption with your own keys. Assign an Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault master encryption key that you control and rotate on your own schedule. This topic provides the details for implementing and using server-side encryption with customer-provided keys SSE-C. Using optional API headers, you can provide your own bit AES encryption key that is used to encrypt and decrypt objects uploaded to and downloaded from Object Storage :.
You manage the encryption keys and Object Storage manages the encryption and decryption. If you want to use your own keys for server-side encryption, specify the following three request headers with the encryption key information:. For CopyObject :. If the source object is encrypted with an SSE-C key, you must also specify the following three headers so that Object Storage can decrypt the object. No other parameters are required. Object Storage decodes the key to compute the SHA hash of the encryption key.
Object Storage decodes the key to compute the SHA hash of the source encryption key. The trust is used when an identity is being validated as the entity it claims to be. Typically, the certificate authorities you trust issue user certificates. If there are several levels of trusted certificates, a trusted certificate at a lower level in the certificate chain does not need to have all its higher level certificates re-verified.
Such a certificate is created when an entity's public key is signed by a trusted entity a trusted Certificate Authority outside of Oracle. The certificate contains the identity of the user or service, a public key, and other information used to enable authentication.
It ensures that the entity's information is correct and that the public key belongs to the entity. The certificate is loaded into an Oracle wallet to enable authentication. An Oracle wallet is a container in which certificates and trusted certificates are stored and managed, such that there is no need for real time checking with the certificate authority. These data structures securely store a user private key, a user certificate, and a set of trusted certificates the list of root certificates which the user trusts.
This is a Java-based application that security administrators use to manage public-key security credentials on both Oracle clients and database servers. Oracle Wallet Manager creates a public-private key pair and manages credentials for a user. It issues PKCS 10 certificate requests to the certificate authority, and installs the certificate in the wallet. Oracle Enterprise Login Assistant is a Java-based tool for opening and closing a user wallet in order to enable or disable secure SSL-based communications for an application.
It provides single sign-on capability for SSL-authenticated users. Enterprise users authenticating with passwords also use it to change their passwords in a database or a directory. It enables you to securely manage the user and system configuration environment, including security attributes and privileges, for users authenticated using X.
Oracle Internet Directory enforces attribute-level access control, enabling the directory to restrict read, write, or update privileges on specific attributes to specific named users for example, an enterprise security administrator.
It also supports protection and authentication of directory queries and responses through SSL encryption. Oracle Enterprise Security Manager is the graphical user interface used to centrally administer enterprise users and enterprise roles, in an LDAP directory. Database administrators can use this tool to perform a variety of tasks, including the following:.
It scales to tens of thousands of users, and enables you to manage thousands of databases in various domains, as well as the users who connect to the databases. Oracle9 i expands PKI integration and interoperability through:. Oracle Advanced Security supports X. Oracle Enterprise Security Manager creates user wallets as part of the user enrollment process.
Storing the wallet in a centralized LDAP-compliant directory supports user roaming, enabling users to access their credentials from multiple locations or devices, ensuring consistent and reliable user authentication, while providing centralized wallet management throughout the wallet life cycle. Oracle Wallet Manager supports multiple certificates for a single digital entity in a persona--with multiple private key pairs in a persona each private key can match only one certificate.
This enables consolidation of and more secure management of users' PKI credentials. The private keys associated with X. As the public key infrastructure is deployed more frequently to secure such applications as email and electronic commerce, PKI is one of the most important investments companies are making.
Because all clients, application servers and data servers can authenticate themselves to one another, PKI provides an important security infrastructure to a network. Support for SSL in Oracle Advanced Security closes the loop for secure end-to-end communications between any client, a web server or application server, and any Oracle9 i database. For example, w hen a user wants to connect to her financial institution to transfer funds, she must be able to verify beyond a doubt that she is providing sensitive information such as passwords and account numbers to the proper server.
With SSL and public-key authentication, the server can verify its identity to her browser, and the client can identify itself to the server. Now that organizations are implementing application servers and firewalls to protect their networks, the connection process expands.
Using the same example, the financial information can be stored in an Oracle9 i data server secured behind a firewall. The user connects to the database using SSL to connect over the Internet and to the application server, which passes the connect request over Oracle Net still protected with SSL through a firewall and to the secured Oracle9 i server with her financial account information. Certificates not only authenticate clients to servers, but they also authenticate servers to other servers.
This expands the security of the entire system with secure database links for mutual authentication of servers.
With SSL deployment, all clients and all servers, including database servers and application servers, have credentials that identify them to all other machines and services with which they communicate. The complete package that Oracle delivers provides standards-based methods to prevent eavesdropping, tampering with, or forging messages sent over the network, while providing single sign-on and strong authentication of clients and servers in the network and over the Internet.
A public key infrastructure paves the way for secure electronic commerce in the Information Age. Oracle Label Security, an add-on security option for the Oracle9 i Enterprise Edition, enables you to customize your own label-based access control policies. Oracle Policy Manager is a convenient graphical user interface provided with this product. This product enables an administrator to add label based access control to the access mediation process when standard access controls are insufficient.
Oracle Label Security is built on the Virtual Private Database toolkit and requires no programming whatsoever. It mediates access to rows in database tables based on a label contained in the row, a label associated with each database session, and Oracle Label Security privileges assigned to the session.
Oracle Label Security delivers a data dictionary and administrative tools you can use to construct valid labels, set user label authorizations and privileges, and apply the resulting Oracle Label Security policy to tables and schemes. Virtual Private Database provides fine grained access control within the database. It can be configured to keep data from different organizations separate within a single database instance, so that organizations can share database tables but only see data which pertains to them.
This makes it ideal for hosting, since a system administrator for a hosting company can set up and configure a single version of each application for which they provide hosted services, but use Virtual Private Database on the underlying application tables to provide separate virtual applications instances for each hosted customer. This can substantially reduce the costs associated with hosting. Because hardware, database, and applications instances can be shared, the costs associated with hardware, as well as installation and configuration of software, are lower than if physically separate instances were required for each hosted customer.
Oracle Label Security is particularly useful for hosting environments in which access to information can be formalized by means of sensitivity levels, access categories, or user groups. For these environments, Oracle Label Security makes it easy for hosting companies to define and administer label-based security policies. Oracle Label Security provides particular advantages for exchanges, because the label-based access policies include automatic, easy-to-administer "group" access embedded within a data label that can support communities of interest.
The label-based access policies of Oracle Label Security are also ideal for enforcing privacy concerns of users accessing eBusiness applications. Many consumers are reluctant to purchase goods and services over the Internet because of privacy concerns. With Oracle Label Security, data can be labeled with an "opt out" provision for users who do not wish their data to be used for targeted marketing campaigns, or who do not wish their purchasing data to be sold.
Data labels--and therefore users' privacy policies--remain with the data, making it easy to secure and enforce user privacy preferences across multiple applications. Oracle Label Security Administrator's Guide. Oracle Internet Directory is a directory service implemented as an application on the Oracle9 i database. It enables retrieval of information about dispersed users and network resources. Oracle Internet Directory is not itself a security product, but rather a technology for managing enterprise data very efficiently.
It contributes to data security by supporting LDAP directory enterprise user security. The stringent security requirements of Oracle customers limits the choice of LDAP servers which are adequate to the task. Chapter 5, "Using and Deploying a Secure Directory". Oracle Internet Directory Administrator's Guide. Oracle Internet Directory offers comprehensive and flexible support for directory access control.
This includes entry level, attribute level, and prescriptive access control to provide varying levels of security to meet the specific needs of enterprise and service providers. An administrator can grant or control access to a specific directory object or to an entire directory subtree.
Oracle Internet Directory implements three levels of user authentication: anonymous, password-based, and certificate-based using Secure Sockets Layer SSL Version 3 for authenticated access and data privacy. In addition, Oracle Internet Directory provides many powerful features you can use in an enterprise or hosted environment to control access to application metadata--the information governing how applications behave and who can access them. To do this, you deploy the directory for administrative delegation.
This deployment enables, for example, a global administrator to delegate to department administrators access to the metadata of applications in their departments. These department administrators can then control access to their department applications. SSL can generate a cryptographically secure message digest--through cryptographic checksums using either the MD5 algorithm or the Secure Hash Algorithm SHA --and include it with each packet sent across the network.
Oracle Internet Directory ensures that data is not detected during transmission by using public-key encryption available with SSL. MD4 is a one-way hash function that produces a bit hash, or message digest. It leverages the intrinsic scalability of the Oracle9 i database, simplifying the management of hundreds of thousands of users.
LDAP Naming, along with support for the Oracle Internet Directory centralized directory service offers clients a new, unified naming mechanism in addition to the above technology. This is the emerging Internet standard for directory services. It is based on the earlier ISO X. LDAP is especially suited for deployment with Internet-centric, "thin-client" applications.
Your Oracle Advanced Security license entitles you to deploy Oracle Internet Directory for user management as well as authorization storage and retrieval. An Oracle Internet Directory node is implemented as an application running on the Oracle9 i server. To communicate with the database, which may be on the same platform or on a different one, the Oracle Internet Directory uses Oracle Net Services, the Oracle platform-independent database connectivity solution. This relationship is illustrated in Figure This section describes enterprise user administration and shared schemas with Oracle Internet Directory.
Oracle Internet Directory supports attribute-level access control and optional strong user authentication through SSL, and can be configured so that only specific users who are strongly authenticated are permitted to update directory information about user privileges or access.
Enterprise roles are centrally-administered privilege sets, maintained in Oracle Internet Directory, or in directories from selected partners which meet Oracle security criteria. Enterprise roles enable strong, centralized authorization of users. Also, an administrator can add capabilities to enterprise roles granted to multiple users without having to update the authorizations of each user independently.
Oracle Enterprise Security Manager provides one tool to centrally manage user definitions and assign roles, resulting in a lower cost of user administration throughout the enterprise. Another benefit of single station administration is that if security is easy to administer, organizations are more likely to implement strong security throughout the enterprise.
Oracle Internet Directory supports shared schemas, which extend the benefits of directory integration by enabling the database to delegate administration of user identity, as well as privilege, to the directory. Oracle Net Services is a software layer that resides on the client and the Oracle database server.
It is responsible for establishing and maintaining the connection between the client application and server, as well as exchanging messages between them using industry-standard protocols. Oracle9i Net Services Administrator's Guide.
On the client side, applications communicate with Oracle Net Client to establish and maintain connections. The Oracle database server side is similar to the client side. A network protocol sends client request information to an Oracle protocol support layer, which then sends information to Oracle Net. Oracle Net then communicates with the Oracle database server to process the client request. The one operation unique to the Oracle database server side is the act of receiving the initial connection through a process called the listener.
The listener brokers a client request, handing off the request to the server. Oracle Net uses Oracle protocol support to communicate with the following industry-standard network protocols:. Oracle Connection Manager is a software component that resides on its own computer, separate from a client or an Oracle database server. It proxies requests destined for the database server. You can also configure Oracle Connection Manager to multiplex sessions, control access, or convert protocols.
As a protocol converter, Oracle Connection Manager enables a client and an Oracle database server that have different networking protocols to communicate with each other. Oracle Advanced Security is fully supported by Oracle Connection Manager, making secure data transfer a reality across network protocol boundaries. Clients and a database server configured with different network protocols can securely share data with one another.
To eliminate potential weak points in the network infrastructure and to maximize performance, Connection Manager passes encrypted data from protocol to protocol without the cost and exposure of decryption and re-encryption. As an access control filter, Oracle Connection Manager controls access to Oracle databases.
It can be configured to grant or deny clients access to a particular database service or a computer. By specifying filtering rules on source, destination, and database service name, you can permit or restrict specific clients access to a server. In its session multiplexing role, Oracle Connection Manager funnels multiple sessions through a single transport protocol connection to a particular destination.
This reduces the demand on resources needed to maintain multiple sessions between two processes by enabling the Oracle database server to use fewer connection end points for incoming requests. You can thus increase the total number of network sessions that a server can handle. To increase the number of concurrent users, multiple instances of Oracle Connection Manager can be installed.
When Oracle Connection Manager is run on the same computer as an application Web server, the application Web server can route multiple client sessions through Oracle Connection Manager to ensure that those sessions have continuous access to an Oracle database server. This functionality is especially useful for Web applications where session availability and response time are major concerns.
Oracle Connection Manager can be deployed as a firewall within an intranet. It can be configured to grant or deny client access to a particular database service or a computer.
By specifying filtering rules, you can permit or restrict specific client access to a server, based on the following criteria:. Figure shows an Oracle Connection Manager positioned between three Web clients and an Oracle database server.
Oracle Connection Manager is configured to permit access to the first two Web clients and to deny access to the third. Oracle Corporation works with firewall vendors to incorporate key firewall technologies in its server products and thereby provide support for distributed database network traffic. Oracle Connection Manager functionality is offered by some firewall vendors through a software component called Oracle Net Firewall Proxy. A host computer, called an application gateway, runs the Oracle Connection Manager software.
Figure shows an application gateway controlling traffic between internal and external networks and providing a single checkpoint for access control and auditing.
As a result, unauthorized Internet hosts cannot directly access the database inside a corporation, but authorized users can still use Internet services outside the corporate network. This capability is critical in Internet environments to restrict remote access to sensitive data. In addition, you can use the parameter TCP.
You can also use Virtual Private Database or secure application roles to limit access to the database from particular network nodes. Note that you would not want to make IP address a primary way of authenticating or authorizing users, since IP addresses can be spoofed. However, you can use IP address as an additional qualifier to limit data access for users whose authentication was separately established.
For example, user Jane may have access to the EMP table, but company policy may dictate that she is not permitted to access EMP data unless she is inside the corporate intranet--perhaps even from a particular subnet for the HR department.
Further, the policy function can be defined to permit access to data only if the IP address is within the range of acceptable values such as inside the corporate intranet, or within the range of addresses reserved for the HR department. In the case of proxy authentication, in which the IP address of the client connection is the IP address of the application server that initiated the lightweight session, you can effectively force users to access the database only through the application server.
Note that this does not prohibit users from connecting directly to the database, as long as they are properly authenticated. Rather, it merely restricts the records returned to them. Policies can be used on views, achieving a far lower cost in dictionary processing. Policies can also be used on synonyms, enabling applications that rely on synonymsto achieve better security by using VPD.
Oracle9 i Application Server is a reliable, scalable, secure, middle-tier application server designed to support your evolution into an eBusiness. With this product, the technological complexity of assembling a complete middle-tier Internet infrastructure is managed for you.
Oracle9 i Application Server provides an infrastructure that can grow with your business. It can start small and support growing numbers of users and sophisticated functionality on your web sites. This section introduces security features of Oracle9 i Application Server, which includes components that provide a general framework for development and deployment of applications, such as the HTTP Server and Portal, and components which provide specific application services or functionality.
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